भारत की शहरी कहानी

आज, दुनिया की आधी से अधिक आबादी शहरीकृत क्षेत्रों में रहती है। आने वाले दशकों में बढ़ती आय एवं कृषि और ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्थाओं से दूर जाने के साथ ही इस हिस्से के तेजी से बढ़ने की अपेक्षा है। भारत, दुनिया की आबादी का छठा हिस्सा बनने वाले देश के रूप में, इस बदलाव में सबसे आगे है। शहरी भारत एक बड़े परिवर्तन का अनुभव कर रहा है। 1951 से शहरी आबादी में छह गुना वृद्धि हुई है, जो 2011 में 62.4 मिलियन से बढ़कर 377.1 मिलियन हो गई है, और अनुमान है कि 2030 तक 590 मिलियन भारतीय शहरों में रहेंगे, जो संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका की पूरी आबादी का दोगुना है। शहरीकरण की चुनौती और एस.डी.जी. 11, हासिल करने की जिम्मेदारियाँ भारत में अनिवार्य हैं। भारत की शहरी कहानी को शहरी स्थिति के बारे में हमारी समझ को बढ़ाने के लिए रुपांकित किया गया है, यह भारत में किस प्रकार हुआ है और अपने भविष्य के लिए क्या दिशा निर्धारित कर रहा है।

शहरी सांख्यिकीय प्रोफ़ाइल

शहरीकरण और जनसांख्यिकी ी

भूमि उपयोग पैटर्न

शहरी स्थानीय निकाय

अर्थव्यवस्था

शिक्षा एवं स्वास्थ्य

सतत विकास लक्ष्य

43.9

कुल जनसंख्या (करोड़)

17.97

शहरीकरण

2657

व्यक्तिगत कस्बों की संख्या

54.8

कुल जनसंख्या (करोड़)

19.91

शहरीकरण

3081

व्यक्तिगत कस्बों की संख्या

68.3

कुल जनसंख्या (करोड़)

23.34

शहरीकरण

3891

व्यक्तिगत कस्बों की संख्या

84.6

कुल जनसंख्या (करोड़)

25.7

शहरीकरण

4615

Number of Individual Towns

व्यक्तिगत कस्बों की संख्या

102.9

कुल जनसंख्या (करोड़)

27.81

शहरीकरण

5161

व्यक्तिगत कस्बों की संख्या

121

कुल जनसंख्या (करोड़)

31.14

शहरीकरण

7933

व्यक्तिगत कस्बों की संख्या

23.36%

जंगल

9.03%

गैर-कृषि

5.51%

Barren and Unculturable

58.75%

बंजर और असंस्कृति

3.35%

अन्य

4624.2

यूएलबी प्रति व्यक्ति कुल राजस्व

1975

यूएलबी का प्रति व्यक्ति राजस्व

688.2

यूएलबी प्रति व्यक्ति संपत्ति कर

3569.9

यूएलबी का प्रति व्यक्ति कुल व्यय

209

नगर निगम

2171

नगर परिषदें

1879

नगर पंचायत

2399.2

औसत एमपीसीई

0.36

शहरी उपभोग व्यय के लिए गिनी गुणांक

13.7

प्रति व्यक्ति जीएसडीपी

45.8

शहरी श्रमिक जनसंख्या अनुपात (प्रतिशत)

21.3

रोजगार में शहरी महिला श्रमिकों का प्रतिशत

20.79

विनिर्माण क्षेत्र में शहरी श्रमिकों का प्रतिशत

10.34

निर्माण में शहरी श्रमिकों का प्रतिशत

142328

गरीबी रेखा से नीचे रहने वाली शहरी जनसंख्या का प्रतिशत (2011-12)

933

लिंग अनुपात

900

शहरी लिंगानुपात

72.9

साक्षरता दर

84.1

शहरी साक्षरता दर

प्रति 1000 जीवित जन्म पर 5 से कम मृत्यु दर

80.01

सकल नामांकन दर (माध्यमिक)

96.9

सकल नामांकन दर (प्रारंभिक)

प्रासंगिक एसडीजी पर भारत का स्कोर

एसडीजी 2

एसडीजी 3

एसडीजी 6

एसडीजी 7

एसडीजी 9

एसडीजी 11

एसडीजी 12

एसडीजी 13

एसडीजी डैशबोर्ड पर जाने के लिए यहां क्लिक करें

क्र.सं.	सूचक	विवरण	वर्ष	स्रोत
1.शहरीकरण और जनसांख्यिकी
1	शहरीकरण 2011 (प्रतिशत)	शहरीकरण को आम तौर पर शहरी क्षेत्रों में जनसंख्या की तीव्र वृद्धि और आर्थिक गतिविधियों के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है जो शहरों का अधिक विकास करते हैं	2011	भारत की जनगणना
2	अनुमानित शहरीकरण 2020 (प्रतिशत)		2020	भारत और राज्यों के लिए जनसंख्या अनुमान 2011-2036, जनसंख्या अनुमान पर तकनीकी समूह की रिपोर्ट
3	शहरीकरण की रैंकिंग	शहरीकरण की रैंकिंग शहरीकरण के उच्चतम स्तर से निम्नतम स्तर के आधार पर की गई है, उच्चतम स्तर को रैंक 1 दिया गया है।
4	भारत में कुल जनसंख्या हिस्सेदारी	भारत की कुल जनसंख्या में प्रत्येक राज्य की जनसंख्या हिस्सेदारी	2011	पंद्रहवें वित्त आयोग की रिपोर्ट
5	भारत में कुल क्षेत्रफल हिस्सेदारी	राज्य के क्षेत्रफल का देश के क्षेत्रफल से प्रतिशत (28 राज्य)	2011	पंद्रहवें वित्त आयोग की रिपोर्ट
6	कुल जनसंख्या - 2011	शहरी और ग्रामीण दोनों क्षेत्रों में रहने वाले व्यक्तियों की संख्या	2011	भारत की जनगणना
7	कुल जनसंख्या - 2020 (अनुमानित)		2020	भारत और राज्यों के लिए जनसंख्या अनुमान 2011 -2036, जनसंख्या अनुमान पर तकनीकी समूह की रिपोर्ट
8	शहरी बुजुर्गों का प्रतिशत जनसंख्या (60-80+ वर्ष)	संयुक्त राष्ट्र बुजुर्ग आबादी को 60 वर्ष और उससे अधिक उम्र के लोगों के रूप में परिभाषित करता है	2011	भारत की जनगणना
9	शहरी युवाओं का प्रतिशत (15- 24 years)	संयुक्त राष्ट्र युवाओं को 15-24 वर्ष की आयु के बीच परिभाषित करता है	2011	भारत की जनगणना
10	राज्य लिंगानुपात	लिंगानुपात किसी जनसंख्या में प्रति 1000 पुरुषों पर महिलाओं की संख्या का अनुपात है	2011	भारत में महिला और पुरुष-2016, मंत्रालय और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन (एमओएसपीआई),http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/chapter_1.pdf
11	शहरी लिंगानुपात	राज्य में शहरी क्षेत्र का लिंगानुपात	2011	भारत में महिला और पुरुष-2016, मंत्रालय और कार्यक्रम कार्यान्वयन (एमओएसपीआई),http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/social_statistics/chapter_1.pdf
12	शहरी जनसंख्या में वृद्धि में जनगणना नगर जनसंख्या का प्रतिशत (2001-11)	जनगणना नगर जनसंख्या का योगदान शहरी जनसंख्या में समग्र वृद्धि	2001 - 2011	शहरों की स्थिति रिपोर्ट: भारत
13	50% से अधिक शहरीकरण वाले जिलों का प्रतिशत	भारत की जनगणना-2011 के अनुसार 50 प्रतिशत से अधिक शहरी आबादी वाले जिलों का अनुपात	2011	शहरों की स्थिति रिपोर्ट: भारत
14	शहरी जनसंख्या घनत्व (व्यक्ति प्रति वर्ग किमी)	जनसंख्या घनत्व क्षेत्र की प्रति इकाई लोगों की संख्या है, जिसे आमतौर पर प्रति वर्ग किलोमीटर उद्धृत किया जाता है
15	महानगरीय शहरों की संख्या	दस लाख से अधिक आबादी वाले शहर	2011	प्राथमिक जनगणना सार, भारत की जनगणना

क्र.सं.	सूचक	विवरण	वर्ष	स्रोत
2.भूमिउपयोगनमूना
16	जंगलों	इसमें किसी भी कानूनी अधिनियम के तहत वन के रूप में वर्गीकृत या वन के रूप में प्रशासित सभी भूमि शामिल हैं, चाहे वह राज्य हो- स्वामित्व वाली या निजी, और क्या संभावित वन भूमि के रूप में जंगली या अनुरक्षित है। जंगल में उगाई जाने वाली फसलों का क्षेत्र और चरागाह भूमि या जंगलों के भीतर चराई के लिए खुले क्षेत्र "वन क्षेत्र" के अंतर्गत शामिल रहते हैं।	2016-17	ए पर भूमि उपयोग के आँकड़े नज़र-राज्यवार, अर्थशास्त्र और सांख्यिकी निदेशालय, कृषि और किसान कल्याण मंत्रालय
17	गैर कृषि	इसमें इमारतों, सड़कों और रेलवे द्वारा कब्जा की गई या पानी के नीचे की सभी भूमि शामिल है, उदाहरण के लिए। नदियाँ और नहरें, और कृषि के अलावा अन्य उपयोग में लाई जाने वाली अन्य भूमि।	2016-17
18	बंजर और बंजर असंस्कृत	This includes all land covered by mountains, deserts, etc. Land, which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost is classified as unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings.	2016-17
19	Agricultural	This includes Land under misc. tree crops & groves, Culturable waste land, Fallow Lands and Net Sown Area	2016-17
20	Other	Total geographical area subtracted by area covered under above categories (13-16)	2016-17

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
3.UrbanLocalBodies
21	ULBs Per capita total revenue (Rs)	ULBs Per capita total revenue is defined here as the ratio of total revenue generated by the ULB to its total population.	2017-18	Ahluwalia, Isher Judge et. al (2019). State of Municipal Finances in India: A Study Prepared for the Fifteenth Finance Commission, ICRIER, New Delhi.
22	ULBs Per capita own revenue (Rs)	ULBs Per capita own revenue is defined here as the ratio of total own revenue generated by the ULB to its total population.	2017-18
23	ULBs Per capita property tax (Rs)	ULBs Per capita property tax is defined here as the ratio of total property tax collected by the ULB to its total population. (Property tax is a part of own revenue)	2017-18
24	ULBs Per capita total expenditure (Rs)	ULBs Per capita total expenditure is defined here as the ratio of total expenditure done by the ULB to its total population.	2017-18
25	Municipal Corporations (top)	A Municipal Corporation is constituted for a larger urban area	2011
26	Municipal Councils (middle)	A Municipal Council is constituted for a smaller urban area	2011
27	Nagar Panchayats (last)	Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area, that is to say, is an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area.	2011

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
4.Economy
28	Average MPCE urban (Rs./ month)	The NSS concept of MPCE is defined first at the household level (household monthly consumer expenditure ÷ household size). This measure serves as the indicator of the household’s level of living.	2011-12	National Sample Survey Organization, 68th round.
29	Gini coefficient for urban consumption expenditure	The Gini coefficient is a single number that demonstrates a degree of inequality in a distribution of income/wealth. It is used to estimate how far a country’s wealth or income distribution deviates from a totally equal distribution. , 0 corresponds to perfect income equality and 1 corresponds to perfect income inequality	2011-12	National Sample Survey Organization, 68th round.
30	Percentage of Urban Population Living below poverty line consumption expenditure	Population living below poverty line	2011	Tendukar Commitee 2011-12
31	Per capita GSDP	Gross State Domestic Product divided by Population	2018-19	Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
32	Urban worker population ratio (percentage)	Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population. Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS) figure adopted for the persons of age15 years and above	2018-19	Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
33	Percentage of urban Female workers in employment		2018-19	Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
34	Percentage of urban workers in manufacturing	Number of urban workers in the Manufacturing sector divided by employed persons in the population	2018-19	Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
35	Percentage of urban workers in construction	Number of urban workers in the construction sector divided by employed persons in the population.	2018-19	Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
5.KeyIndicesScale
36	Education Index	School Education Quality Index – Developed to evaluate the performance of States and Union Territories (UTs) in the school education sector. It seeks to institutionalise a focus on enhancing education outcomes by driving improvements in learning levels, access, equity, infrastructure and governance processes. Facilitate like-to-like comparisons, States and UTs have been grouped as Large States, Small States and Union Territories (Annex table-1)		NITI Aayog
37	Health Index	NITI Aayog, in collaboration with MoHFW and with technical assistance from the World Bank, has been spearheading the health index initiative since 2017 to measure the annual performance of States and Union Territories on a variety of indicators: health outcomes, governance and processes. The index aims to nudge States towards transformative action in the health sector. NITI Aayog is committed to establishing the health index as an annual systematic tool to focus the attention of the States/UTs on achieving better health outcomes. Facilitate like-to-like comparisons, States and UTs have been grouped as Large States, Small States and Union Territories (Table-1)	2017-18	NITI Aayog
38	Ease of Doing Business	The Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) index is a ranking system established by the World Bank Group. In the EoDB index, ‘higher rankings’ (a lower numerical value) indicate better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights.		NITI Aayog.(2020). India Voluntary National Review 2020:Decade of Actions Taking SDGs from Global to Local. NITI Aayog
39	CSCAF	Refer Point 12 for details.

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
6.EducationandHealth
40	State literacy rate	A person aged seven and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate.	2011	Handbook of Statistics in India, RBI
41	Urban litercay rate	Literacy rate of the Urban Area in the State.	2011	Handbook of Urban Statistics 2016, MoHUA
42	Gross enrolment rate (secondary)	Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school-year.	2015-16	Ministry of Human Resource Development.(2018). Educational Statistics at a Glance, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of School Education and Literacy, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
43	Gross enrolment rate (elementary)	Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school-year.	2015-16	Ministry of Human Resource Development.(2018). Educational Statistics at a Glance, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of School Education and Literacy, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
44	Life expectancy Urban	Life expectancy usualy measure the average number of years a persons is expected to live under prevalling mortality condition	2014-18	SRS, Statistical Report, Census of India
45	Infant Mortality Urban	Infant Mortality rate is defined as the infant deaths (less than one year) per thousand live births.	2018	SRS, Statistical Report, Census of India
46	Under 5 mortality rate per 1000 live birth	The probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of five.	2019-20	International Institute for Population Studies.(2021). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) India, IIPS, Mumbai. http://rchiips.org/nfhs/factsheet_NFHS-5.shtml

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
7.SustainableDevelopmentGoals
47	Percentage of urban households living in katcha houses	This target corresponds to the global SDG target 11.1 that aims to ensure universal access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums, by 2030.	2018	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi. https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
48	Percentage of urban households with drainage facility	This target corresponds to the global SDG target 11.1 that aims to ensure universal access to basic services	2018	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi. https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
49	Percentage of individual household toilets constructed against target (SBM(U))	Swachh Bharat Mission aims to provide universal sanitation coverage in urban areas through construction of IHHL units and community toilets. It aims for completion of construction of toilets targeted and sanctioned.	2020	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi. https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
50	Deaths due to road accidents in urban areas (per 1,00,000 population)	This target corresponds to the global SDG target 11.2 that focuses on improving road safety, and also the global SDG target 3.6 which aims to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.	2019	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi. https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
51	Percentage of wards with 100% door to door waste collection (SBM(U))	Swachh Bharat Mission in urban areas aims to operationalise 100 percent door to door collection of waste in all wards	2020	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi. https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
52	Percentage of MSW processed to the total MSW generated (SBM(U))	This target corresponds to the global SDG target 11.6 that aims to reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities by 2030, by focusing on municipal and other waste management. MSW processing is also critical to the success of the SBM (U).	2020	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi. https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
53	Percentage of wards with 100% source segregation (SBM(U))	Swachh Bharat Mission in urban areas aims to operationalise 100 percent segregation of waste in all wards	2020	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi.https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
54	Installed sewage treatment capacity as a percentage of sewage generated in urban areas	This target corresponds to the global SDG target 11.6 that aims to reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities by 2030, by focusing on waste management.	2018	NITI Aayog.(2021). SDG India Index & Dashboard 2020-21: Partnerships in the Decade of Actions, NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, New Delhi.https://niti.gov. in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_ Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads. pdf
55	Percentage of households having access to tap water within premises	The study conducted on Cities and the Sustainable Development Goal 11 indentified these indicators to evaluate the performace of SDG 11.		Study on Cities and the Sustainable Development Goal 11
56	Percentage of households having latrine facility within premises
57	Percentage of households having electricity
58	Percentage of households with 3 or more members living in one room
59	Per-capita electricity consumption (in kwh)
60	Municipal road per 1000 population (km)
61	Municipal road per 100 sq. km. of area (km)

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
8.SDG Performance Scale
62	SDG 2	The composite index is the arithmetic mean of the Goal Score for 16 Goals, for each state/UT, assigning equal weights to each Goal. This score is an indication of the overall position of state/UTs in their journey towards achieving SDGs.	2020	https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ ranking
63	SDG 3
64	SDG 5
65	SDG 6
66	SDG 7
67	SDG 9
68	SDG 11
69	SDG 12
70	SDG 13

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
10. Ease of Living Index
71	Sustainability	Sustainability, along the lines of availability of green spaces, promotion of green buildings, level of energy consumption, the quality of natural resources such as air and water, and the city’s ability to withstand natural disasters. It holds a weightage of 20% in the final index score.	2020	Institute for Competitiveness. (2021). Ease of Living Index 2020, IFC, New Delhi
72	Economic ability	Economic Ability captures the economic well-being of citizens by evaluating the level of economic development and inequalities that they encounter in a particular city. This pillar holds a weightage of 15% in the final index score.	2020
73	Quality of Life	Quality of Life uncovers an understanding of the different aspects contributing to a decent urban life. By examining provisions for necessities such as affordable housing, access to clean water, basic education, healthcare facilities, safety and security, and recreation avenue, the goal has been to assess a holistic impression of the quality of life in India’s urban cities. It holds a weightage of 35% in the final index score.	2020
74	Citizen perception	The Citizen Perception Survey (CPS) provides a perception of the city residents and allows them to evaluate the level and quality of development in their respective cities. Furthermore, the survey acts as a source to validate the findings of the index and examine whether they comply with the results of the data provided by the cities. The CPS pillar holds a weightage of 30% in the overall index score.	2020
75	Overall	The Ease of Living Index 2020 presents itself as an evaluation tool that reflects the ease of living in Indian cities. It seeks to examine the impact of urban development programs and the quality of life and economic and social opportunities available to the citizens. It measures the ease of living across four pillars: Quality of Life, Economic Ability, Sustainability, and Citizen Perception.	2020

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
11. Municipal Performance Index
76	Services	Services include an assessment of all functions that citizens experience on a daily basis such as education, health, water and wastewater, SWM and sanitation, registeration and permits, and infrastructure.	2020	Institute for Competitiveness. (2021). Municipal Performance Index 2020, IFC, New Delhi
77	Finance	Finance measures municipalities based on how they manage public funds and how their agency is accessing financial resources such as revenue management, expenditure management, fiscal responsibility, and fiscal decentraization.	2020
78	Technology	Digital coverage of municipality services and the extent to which it empowers its citizens to access such services, is measured under Technology. This includes digital governance, digital access, digital literacy.	2020
79	Planning	Planning examines the level of preparation, implementation, and enforcement of urban planning such as plan preparation, implementation and enforcement.	2020
80	Governance	Governance deals with aspects of municipal bodies and their governance mechanism such as transparency and accountability, human resources, participation, and effectiveness.	2020
81	Overall	The Municipal Performance Index assesses the sectoral/sectors performance of municipalities, serving as a guide for informed policy decisions, and helping achieve broader development outcomes and the Sustainable Development Goals across cities.	2020

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
12. ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework
82	Energy and Green Buildings	ClimateSmart means anchoring of climate actions within activities catering to urban development. This includes municipal services such as water supply and solid waste management, but also infrastructure projects such as housing, planning and land development, etc. Climate smart development responds to the changing climatic conditions and fistering sustainable actions which could help in increasing the ease of living within cities. The ClimateSmart Cities Assessment Framework 2.0 is broadly categorised into 5 sectors with 28 indicators (Table 2). Weightage: Energy and Green Building - 25% Urban Planning, Green Cover & Biodiversity- 25% Mobility and Air Quality - 20% Water Management- 15% Waste Mangement- 15%	2020	Climate Centre for Cities, National Institute of Urban Affairs
83	Urban Planning, Green Cover and Biodiversity
84	Mobility and Air Quality
85	Water Management
86	Waste Management

S. No.	Indicator	Description	Year	Source
13. Swachh Survekshan
87	Service level progress	The Swachh Survekshan (2020), was conducted to study the progress of Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) and rank Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India based-on cleanliness and sanitation parameters. The Survekshan has evaluated 4242 cities in 2020.	2020	Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.(2020). Swachh Survekshan 2020, Government of India, New Delhi.
88	Direct observation
89	Citizen feedback
90	Certification (GFC + ODF)